In recent years, the growing concern over microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) in our environment has extended beyond the realm of human health, with emerging research highlighting their detrimental effects on livestock reproduction. As animal breeders and veterinary reproduction specialists, understanding the implications of these tiny plastic particles on the fertility and breeding success of our animals is crucial for ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of our practices.

Microplastics and nanoplastics, which are plastic fragments less than 5 mm and 100 nm in size, respectively, have been found to accumulate in various animal tissues, including those involved in reproduction. Studies have shown that exposure to MPs/NPs can lead to a range of negative effects on reproductive health, primarily through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption (Urli, 2023).

One of the most concerning aspects of MPs/NPs is their impact on male fertility and sperm quality. Research has revealed that these particles can directly attach to sperm, reducing their motility and functionality, which ultimately affects fertilization outcomes (Grechi, 2023). Moreover, MPs/NPs can act as carriers for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A (BPA), which are known to interfere with normal hormonal functions essential for reproductive health (D'Angelo, 2021).

Exposure to MPs/NPs has also been linked to increased oxidative stress in reproductive tissues. This imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses can lead to cellular damage, apoptotic loss of germ and somatic cells in the testis, and a decrease in mitochondrial function, all of which contribute to reduced sperm viability and motility (D'Angelo, 2021).

The implications of these findings for animal breeding practices and the success rates of artificial insemination are significant. Poor sperm quality and reduced motility directly translate to lower fertilization rates, hindering the efficacy of breeding programs that rely on artificial insemination (Grechi, 2023). Furthermore, the endocrine-disrupting effects of MPs/NPs can lead to hormonal imbalances that negatively impact reproductive performance, affecting both natural breeding and technologically assisted reproduction methods (D'Angelo, 2021).

The Future at Risk: How Microplastics Threaten the Next Generation of Livestock

As animal breeders and veterinary reproduction specialists, it is essential to acknowledge the potential impact of MPs/NPs on the reproductive efficiency of our livestock. By understanding the mechanisms through which these particles cause harm, we can begin to develop and implement strategies to mitigate their effects.

While the papers reviewed do not specifically outline solutions, they provide valuable insights into potential areas for intervention. Addressing oxidative stress and reducing exposure to EDCs carried by MPs/NPs could be key targets for developing mitigation strategies. Additionally, improving waste management and reducing the overall use of plastics could help decrease the presence of MPs/NPs in the environment, thereby minimizing exposure in animals (D'Angelo, 2021; Grechi, 2023).

In light of these findings, it may be necessary to incorporate new strategies into our animal breeding practices, particularly those involving artificial insemination. Enhanced screening and treatment of semen used in artificial insemination could help ensure high quality and viability, while broader environmental management practices aimed at reducing MP/NP pollution could contribute to the long-term health and fertility of our livestock.

As research continues to uncover the extent of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution and its effects on animal health, it is crucial that we, as animal breeders and veterinary reproduction specialists, stay informed and proactive in addressing this invisible threat. By understanding the risks posed by MPs/NPs and implementing strategies to mitigate their impact, we can work towards ensuring the sustainability and success of our breeding practices, ultimately contributing to the health and welfare of our animals and the broader ecosystem.

The Ongo semen analyzer is an invaluable tool for monitoring microplastic effects on livestock fertility. Its portable CASA technology enables precise, on-site measurement of sperm parameters that may be impacted by microplastic exposure. By providing accurate, real-time data on semen quality, the Ongo system allows veterinarians and breeders to detect subtle changes in reproductive health, potentially linking environmental factors to fertility decline. This capability is crucial for early intervention and adapting breeding strategies in the face of microplastic contamination.

References:

• D'Angelo, S., & Meccariello, R. (2021). Microplastics: A Threat for Male Fertility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052392

• Grechi, L., Bettinazzi, S., Gini, G., Milone, V., Villa, L., Gori, M., Zaccone, G., Nodari, R., Reina, V., Mascarello, G., Pallavicini, A., Properzi, R., Gorla, A., & Franzellitti, S. (2023). Evidence of polystyrene microplastic contamination in bull and dog sperm with detrimental effects on in vitro fertilization. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27824-9

• Urli, L., Gallovic, L., Bellio, A., Magara, S., Berto, D., Malandrino, M., Giacomino, A., & Maurino, V. (2023). Microplastics in livestock wastewater: An underestimated route of microplastic pollution and potential health hazard. Environmental Research, 216, 114621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114621